Tuesday, May 26, 2020
The How to Make an Outline for a Research Paper Cover Up
The How to Make an Outline for a Research Paper Cover Up You could also see resume outline. Outline might be final or draft. A well-structured outline results in a coherent dissertation. An easy outline but it's vitally important to follow it. The perfect way to get started is to get a research outline mock-up. It can be helpful as you're developing your outline additionally to write down a tentative collection of references. How to make an effective outline Whether you are making an APA outline, a site outline, an annotated outline another kind of outline, the reason behind its development is more or less the exact same. What to Do About How to Make an Outline for a Research Paper Before It Is Too Late If you're thinking that you might want to purchase a research outline mock-up, then you might want to consider either writing or doing an annotated bibliography also. Firstly, you'll have to come across general info to back up your thesis statement, then you'll need to dig deeper. It's only possible to create an outline when you have familiarity with the subject. A research paper outline, though, will additionally have a hypothesis or thesis as a portion of the introduction. The Debate Over How to Make an Outline for a Research Paper Make certain to use proper in-text citations and reference a sample paper in case you have to. If you got an assignment to compose a research paper and have no clue what to begin with, well then begin with an outline. The coming of the research paper outline should have a thesis or hypothesis that illustrates the claim the paper is attempting to prove. You should begin with the thesis of the paper, and thus do not begin using subheadings. The outline of your customized research paper is likely to reflect upon your research so be sure that it offers a reasonable idea about what your paper will discuss. 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Friday, May 15, 2020
Information and Technology Development Software Scrum
Scrum (link to the page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)) is a project management methodology. It is mostly used in I.T. and Software Development. Scrum is an iterative and incremental variant of Agile (link to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development) Software Development Methodology that was created by Ken Schwaber (Link to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Schwaber) and Jeff Sutherland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sutherland) in the 90s. S In addition to I.T and Software Development, Scrum can also be implemented in a particular area such as a Marketing Department. As a function, Marketing works around projects such as Advertising Campaign, Emails, Products Researches, Social Media, and more. Indeed, in an unstable environment, Traditional Project Management can lead to failure if changes are too impacting and important regard to the final product. Traditional Project Management involves a waterfall methodology to manage projects. It follows a weel structured stage plan. Those plans used to be quarterly, yearly or multiple yearly. For Marketers, it is often long and heavy as a whole project is managed in one time, from the planning to the deliverable, without real flexibility and real feedback. Marketing Managers use Waterfall because of the business priorities. Nowadays, Marketing Teams need to be more flexible and take rapid decision and Annual Marketing Strategic Planning is often a challenge. The pace of technology andShow MoreRelatedA Review of Using Scrum in Distributed Agile Development: A Multiple Case Study1669 Words à |à 7 PagesScrum and distributed agile development The article Using scrum in distributed agile development: A multiple case study was a case study conducted with an interest toward proving the efficacy of scrum as a global software development approach (Paasivaara, Durasiewicz, Lassenius, 2009). The article makes little mention of XP as an approach, although it can be inferred that XP is also considered as a similarly useful method for increasingly distributed agile development. In order to explore theRead MoreBusiness Analysis : A Business Analyst Essay1434 Words à |à 6 Pagesmodification of business systems or IT systems. The analyst also interacts with the business stakeholders and other experts in order to understand their problems and needs. The business analyst is the primary liaison between the business community, technology group and external partners for all project requirements during the analysis phase of a project. The analyst gathers, documents, and analyzes business needs and requirements. A business analyst works with system developers to ensure the system isRead MoreAgile Software Development Method Essay551 Words à |à 3 PagesSoftware development is one of the highest demands in all over the world. We use software development techniques to solve the problems and to satisfy customers. Agile software development is a conceptual framework for software; it is also a group of software development methods based on iterative development. In 2001, agile software development was created by seventeen people with a desire to find alternative approaches to software development. The most important thing about agile methods are teamRead MoreDst Systems Scores with Scrum and Application Lifecycle Management1049 Words à |à 5 PagesDST systems scores with scrum and application lifecycle management 1- What were some of the problems with DST system old software development environment? I think they were some many software problem, such as the managers were unable to easily determine how the resources were being allocated, which also the employees were working on certain projects and status of specific assets. The group development had used a mixtures of tools processes and source code control systems without any unifiedRead MoreSoftware Methodologies And Frameworks Report1478 Words à |à 6 Pages Software Methodologies and Frameworks Report By: Gurumurthy, Srikanth (@03164654) Table of Contents Abstract..........................................................................................................................................03 Keywords........................................................................................................................................03 Introduction...........................................................................Read MoreThe Benefits and Challenges of Agile Methodology704 Words à |à 3 PagesAgile methodology is a software development lifecycle which designed to produce faster development and high quality results compared with the traditional lifecycle. The Agile method focuses on incremental and iterative development where requirements, specifications, design, implementation, and testing continue throughout the project lifecycle (Nanthaamornphong, Morris, Rouson Michelsen, 2013). Agile software development methods enable software developer to be more flexible and responsive to theRead MoreSoftware development methodology to improve planning and scheduling in web development.800 Words à |à 4 PagesSoftware development methodology to improve planning and scheduling in web development. Introduction Now a days Software is an essential part of the modern society. Most of the business companies, government, organizations using IT systems in their operations. But most of the information system projects frequently fail because of the failure to meet the user requirements, insufficient budget, poor communication, poor planning and scheduling, lack of quality assurance and do not have a standard projectRead MoreEditorial Management System For Research Journals1199 Words à |à 5 Pagesjournals will help the authors in fast and easy manuscript submission. He can also easily view the status of his already submitted manuscripts at anytime and anywhere by logging in to his account. Scrum development methodology was used to design and develop the system. KEYWORDS Model view control, agile system, scrum, editorial management system, web based system, database, user interface, MySQL. Introduction A research journal is a scholarly publication containing articles written by researchers, professorsRead MoreSoftware Development Methodologies For A Rehabilitation Process For Stroke Patients1673 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction 1.1 Purpose of Project 2. Project Aim, Objectives and Scope 2.1 Project Aim 2.2 Project Objectives 2.3 Scope 3.0 Software Development Methodologies 3.1 Waterfall Methodology 3.2 Rapid Application Development 3.3 Agile Software Development Methodology 3.4 Methodology Evaluation 4.0 Resources 4.1 Hardware Resources 4.2 Software Resources 5.0 Requirements and Risks 5.1 Core and Desirable Requirements 5.2 Risks 6.0 Activity Plan 7.0 Conclusion Read MoreImplementation Of Project Management Methodology981 Words à |à 4 Pagesmaking and critical thinking, while guaranteeing the success of particular procedures, approaches, strategies, methods and technologies. 1.1 Difference between a standard and a methodology Methodology is a collection of methods, procedures and practices that are repeated again and again, i.e. same practices are taken after on every project. A Standard is a set of information areas which are viewed as great practices with in the industry. A general difference between standard and methodology is that
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Narrative Therapy and Family Therapy - 1303 Words
Research Question Why is externalising a central technique in narrative therapy today, and what are the limitations and successes of this technique? Research The research complied for this report was gathered from various Journals dedicated to the discourse surrounding the practices of narrative therapy and family therapy. Search terms used to collect relevant articles were ââ¬Ënarrative therapyââ¬â¢, ââ¬ËMichael Whiteââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëexternalisingââ¬â¢. The results from these terms were extensive and required narrowing further by way of peer reviewed status, content type and discipline. Data gathered was then critically analysed to explicate firstly, the socially constructed knowledge surrounding the process of narrative therapy, and the technique ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Due to the fact that externalising creates a deeper meaning of the object being externalised, the technique is also applied to positive aspects of an individualââ¬â¢s experiences or solution based initiatives (Carey Russell 2002, p.82; Ramey et al 2009, p.263). This process encourages the individual to see clearer the positive aspects of their life. The richer understanding of these agencies enables the individual to incorporate them into the new narratives, and utilise them in a manner which empowers the individual in overcoming the negative theme of their problem saturated story. Once the externalisations are deemed as successful and the individual perceives themselves as experiencing a relationship with a problem rather than being the problem (Carr 1998, p. 492), the story is re-narrated incorporating unique outcomes in which the individual sees themselves as the more powerful force and where desired and fulfilling results are obtained. These unique outcomes are then enriched and thickened in the individualââ¬â¢s discourse and linked to past situations as well as future depictions. In order to keep the new thickened plots actively current in the individuals mind, outsiders are called upon to understand the problem and the progress made during therapy, as well as toShow MoreRelatedNarrative Analysis : Narrative Family Therapy 1570 Words à |à 7 PagesNarrative Family Therapy in Practice Introduction When narrative therapy first came into my life, I was not able to realize its brilliance. I had the misconception that the modality found where problems stemmed from and then showed clients how to cope with problems when they reoccur. Then I saw narrative therapy in action during a session with clients of my colleagues. The idea of problems being outsiders intruding on the system was fascinating and co-authoring a new narrative with a client soundedRead MoreNarrative Family Therapy ( Nft )975 Words à |à 4 PagesNarrative family therapy (NFT) is a postmodern, collaborative therapy approach that characterizes a familyââ¬â¢s problem story as only one of many possible narratives (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013, p. 395). David Epston and Michael White founded NFT as a natural outcome of their work in anthropology, social work, and family therapy (Morgan, 2000, p. v). Narrative family therapists adhere to the deconstructionist notion that no absolute truth exists, that peopleââ¬â¢s narratives are not just about theirRead MoreFamily Counseling Approach - Narrative Therapy Essay2804 Words à |à 12 PagesFamily Counseling Approach ââ¬â Narrative Therapy Kristi Sabbides Moos Liberty University Marriage and Family Counseling I May 13, 2011 Dr. Suhad Sadik, Instructor Abstract Narrative therapy focuses on helping clients gain access to preferred story lines about their lives and identities and takes the place of previous negative and self-defeating narratives about themselves. An overview of the Social Construction Model, Narrative Therapy, is presented, as wellRead MoreNarrative Therapy : Original Design1217 Words à |à 5 PagesNarrative Therapy Original Design Narrative therapy was originally designed for survivors of trauma. Michael White is known as the original founder of narrative therapy, along with his co-author David Epston (Phipps, 2011). Narrative therapy developed in the midst of a new theoretical development of systems theory. This theory brought in a revolutionary concept of understanding an individual in a broader sense; based on their interpersonal relationships. Narrative therapy also uses this nonlinealRead MoreNarrative Therapy1612 Words à |à 7 PagesNarrative therapy is a family counseling approach that continues to evolve and gain popularity in the field of therapy (Chang Nylund, 2013). Given the continued strides of narrative therapy this is a family counseling approach worthy of research. This paper will detail the beginnings of narrative therapy and those responsible for its development. Although White and Epston are the leading figures of narrative therapy many individuals with varying backgrounds and beliefs in fluenced their thinkingRead MoreBehavioral Intergenerational and Structural Approaches Paper1633 Words à |à 7 PagesStructural Approaches Paper After assessing my nuclear and extended family using a genogram, it was apparent that a history of mental illness was a pattern within my paternal extended family. My family never went to therapy, but I truly think that it would have been beneficial throughout my childhood and teenage years. Solution-focused therapy, narrative therapy, and intergenerational therapy and three therapies that can aide families in healing processes from lack of unity, communication, and negativeRead MoreFamily Crucible Family Systems Theory1249 Words à |à 5 PagesIntroduction This paper will use the book The Family Crucible to demonstrate the authorsââ¬â¢ family systems approach to therapy. Narrative theory is compared and contrasted with family systems theory, and is ultimately integrated into my own theoretical foundation for practice as a social worker. Family Systems Therapy In The Family Crucible, Augustus Napier and Carl Whitakerââ¬â¢s form of therapy was strongly influenced by family systems theory, a burgeoning theory of the time. General systems theoryRead MoreMultiple Theories Influenced The Development Of My Personal Model And Therapeutic Approach For Couples And Families1668 Words à |à 7 Pagesthe development of my personal model and therapeutic approach to couples and families. Three theories in particular that I draw my therapeutic approach from includes: narrative therapy, emotionally focused coupleââ¬â¢s therapy, and attachment theory. I will articulate the theoretical underpinnings of these three theories and integrate them in one cohesive personal model called Emotional Enhanced Attachment Narrative Therapy. This paper will discuss my approach in regards to the theoretical/philosophicalRead MoreNarrative Therapy, Developed By Michael White And David Epson1130 Words à |à 5 Pages Narrative Therapy, developed by Michael White and David Epson during the 1980s, is a way for the client to separate themselves from the problem they are experiencing. The person is not the problem; the problem is the problem. As part of the therapy, the client becomes the narrator of his or her life story. Each experience the client has in their lives becomes part of his/her story, a chapter. Created to be collaborative, the client becomes the narrator and learns that they have the skills to makeRead MoreNarrative Therapy Offers a Rewrite of a Persons Life1797 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction Often times, people live through painful events in their life that can alter their perception of themselves, their family, and the world. Narrative therapy offers the client the opportunity to re-write their story and gain a different perspective of specific events. It is important to understand that within the history of narrative therapy, therapists view clientââ¬â¢s stories through a political lens. Often times, focusing on the oppression and cultural dominance that exists within
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Contradiction Over The Existence Of God
Question: The report should describe the main points as well as reflection on topics that influence your understanding of God. Some themes we are discussing in class that you can relate the book to are The Mystery of God, Images of God, arguments for and against God's Existence, the Mystery of Suffering and Evil, God as Trinity, Jesus the Word of God made flesh, the work of the Holy Spirit, God speaks: Revelation Grace, Encountering God today: Ecclesiology Sacramentality. Answer: The existence of God from the ancient time has been a matter of contradiction. When the theosophists seem to have concreted the existence of God boldly, the pessimists have overhauled them. But still being in the 21st century, no conclusion on the existence of God seems to have reached yet. For me the concept of God is seen from a humanist point of view. Though for most of the time in my lifespan I barely have prayed unless I got trapped in a cupid situation. Therefore, I can identify myself better as an atheist. I believe the concept of God is a mere chap who stands as nothing but to fulfill the necessities. Henceforth, I believe worshipping of God is worshipping of oneself. This is the point of weakness which haunts every human being. Whatever may the religion or caste one may seem to be but it has some convenient sources to be worshipped. There is nothing who can resolve any situation. It is the confidence of a person which gets breached and he or she gets into worshipping of God. The image of God, I think had been initiated in the past which carried forward through the ages and develops an aghast outlook. The concept of God in all the religions is preached with intense goodness, powerful, loving and caring. But often it appears to be exaggerated. On the other hand, all the evil and poignancy is rendered by the wanton forces that are in fight against goodness. In The Bible it is stated that God inflicts pain on human being to teach them a lesson. It protects the essence of God. The love of God is more Agape which is special and more attributive. The objective it states as God loves human being it is also the duty of us that we should pay respect and tribute. As the love between the husband and wife is more intense, love between God and human being is also needed to be more sophisticated and self sacrificing. But the pessimists say that the respect for God comes from intense fear and scariness that one renders for God. Being a follower of Freud I do believe that we offer compensation to the God for let us keeping away from the sufferings and pains God to me is nothing but a concept that is used for fulfilling of the wishes. According to Fraud false approach of religions to appease the common human being helps in generating the utilitarian image of God. In the name of religious faith, psychological games are played which not only decisive, it is rather a fraud and cheat (Freud and Strachey, 1966). The concept of healing, stabilizing and providing hierarchy is an effeminate approach that let people to keep intense faith on the existence of God. Nietzsche has pointed out that the concept of God is nothing but corrupted and collapsed on the face of civilized society. The God, according to Nietzsche has become sinful and patronizes sinners. The deceptive and delusive nature of God has become a tarnishing factor for this current social ethos. The concept of theodicy justifies the concept of God is completely free from all evils. God only puts commoners into transience only to let them learn what they actually are. According to Augustinian theory of theodicy evil or abuse is not so much ethnic which is guided by free will. The approach of God although is mentioned to be unique but for most of the cases it seems to be useless in the approaches. If I suffer from pains, my God never suffers. Rather the divine defense is much like imagining having no concrete base. The concept of Trinity consists of Holy Spirit, God and Jesus. The concept of God is spiritual. He is having all power and potentiality which makes him holy. He is the creator of the world, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Jesus is the second factor in the concept of Trinity, the Son of God. In the human existence the approach and dedication of Jesus is intense. Being the worship of Jesus one can create a direct contact with the God. As God has been stated as of having all the power, Jesus being the Son of God, He also inherits all the power. Finally, the concept of Holy Spirit comes in Trinity. God is called to be the Holy Spirit and His Son Jesus as well. Holy Spirit helps in organizing the world structure and helps in attaining the will of the world. The holy spirit is literally sophisticated concept. References Freud, S. and Strachey, J. (1966).The psychopathology of everyday life. New York: Norton.
Wednesday, April 15, 2020
Thursday, March 12, 2020
About Daniel Libeskind, New Yorks Master Planner
About Daniel Libeskind, New York's Master Planner Architects design more than buildings. An architects job is to design space, including the spaces around buildings and in cities. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, many architects submitted plans for reconstruction on Ground Zero in New York City. After heated discussion, judges selected the proposal submitted by Daniel Libeskinds firm, Studio Libeskind. Background: Born: May 12, 1946 in Là ³dââ¬â¢z, Poland Early Life: Daniel Libeskinds parents survived the Holocaust and met while in exile. As a child growing up in Poland, Daniel became a gifted player of the accordionan instrument his parents had chosen because it was small enough to fit in their apartment. The family moved to Tel Aviv, Israel when Daniel was 11. He began playing piano and in 1959 won an America-Israel Cultural Foundation scholarship. The award made it possible for the family to move to the USA. Living with his family in a small apartment in the Bronx borough of New York City, Daniel continued to study music. He didnt want to become a performer, however, so he enrolled in Bronx High School of Science. In 1965, Daniel Libeskind became a naturalized citizen of the USA and decided to study architecture in college. Married: Nina Lewis, 1969 Education: 1970: Architecture degree, Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, NYC1972: Postgraduate degree, History and Theory of Architecture, Essex University, England Professional: 1970s: Various architectural firms, including Richard Meier, and various teaching appointments1978-1985: Head of School of Architecture, Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan1985: Founded Architecture Intermundium, Milan, Italy1989: Established Studio Daniel Libeskind, Berlin, Germany, with Nina Libeskind Selected Buildings Structures: 1989-1999: Jewish Museum, Berlin, Germany2001: Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, Kensington Gardens, London2002 (selected in February 2003): Ground Zero Master Plan2003: Studio Weil, Mallorca, Spain2005: The Wohl Centre, Ramat-Gan, Israel1998-2008: Contemporary Jewish Museum, San Francisco, CA2000-2006: Frederic C. Hamilton Building at the Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO2007: The Michael Lee-Chin Crystal at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), Toronto, Canada2008: Westside Shopping and Leisure Centre, Bern, Switzerland2008: The Ascent at Roeblings Bridge, Covington, Kentucky (near Cincinnati, Ohio)2009: The Villa, Libeskind Signature Series, prefabricated house available Worldwide2009: Crystals at CityCenter, Las Vegas , Nevada2010: 18.36.54 House, Connecticut2010: The Run Run Shaw Creative Media Centre, Hong Kong, China2010: Bord Gis Energy Theatre and Grand Canal Commercial Development, Dublin, Ireland2011: Reflections at Keppel Bay, Keppel Bay, Singapore2011: CABINN Metro Hotel, Copenhagen, D enmark 2013: Haeundae Udong Hyundai IPark, Busan, South Korea2014: Ohio Statehouse Holocaust Memorial, Columbus, Ohio2014: Beyond the Wall, Almeria, Spain2015: Sapphire, Berlin, Germany2015: Centre De Congrà ¨s Mons, Mons, Belgium2015: Zhang ZhiDong And Modern Industrial Museum, Wuhan, China2015: CityLife Master Plan, Central Tower C, and Residences, Milan, Italy Winning the Competition: The NY World Trade Center: Libeskinds original plan called for a 1,776-foot (541m) spindle-shaped Freedom Tower with 7.5 million square feet of office space and room for indoor gardens above the 70th floor. At the center of the World Trade Center complex, a 70-foot pit would expose the concrete foundation walls of the former Twin Tower buildings. During the years that followed, Daniel Libeskinds plan underwent many changes. His dream of a Vertical World Gardens skyscraper became one of the buildings you wont see at Ground Zero. Another architect, David Childs, became the lead designer for Freedom Tower, which was later renamed 1 World Trade Center. Daniel Libeskind became the Master Planner for the entire World Trade Center complex, coordinating the overall design and reconstruction. See pictures: What Happened to the 2002 Plan for Ground Zero?One WTC, Evolution of Design, 2002 to 2014 In 2012 the American Institute of Architects (AIA) honored Libeskind with a Gold Medallion for his contributions as an Architect of Healing. In the Words of Daniel Libeskind: But to create a space that never existed is what interests me; to create something that has never been, a space that we have never entered except in our minds and our spirits. And I think thats really what architecture is based on. Architecture is not based on concrete and steel and the elements of the soil. Its based on wonder. And that wonder is really what has created the greatest cities, the greatest spaces that we have had. And I think that is indeed what architecture is. It is a story.- TED2009 But when I stopped teaching I realized you have a captive audience in an institution. People are stuck listening to you. It is easy to stand up and talk to students at Harvard, but try doing it in the marketplace. If you only speak to people who understand you, you get nowhere, you learn nothing.- 2003, The New Yorker There is no reason that architecture should shy away and present this illusory world of the simple. It is complex. Space is complex. Space is something that folds out of itself into completely new worlds. And as wondrous as it is, it cannot be reduced to a kind of simplification that we have often come to be admired.- TED2009 More About Daniel Libeskind: Counterpoint: Daniel Libeskind in Conversation with Paul Goldberger, Monacelli Press, 2008Breaking Ground: An Immigrants Journey from Poland to Ground Zero by Daniel Libeskind Sources: 17 words of architectural inspiration, TED Talk, February 2009; Daniel Libeskind: Architect at Ground Zero by Stanley Meisler, Smithsonian Magazine, March 2003; Urban Warriors by Paul Goldberger, The New Yorker,, September 15, 2003 [accessed August 22, 2015]
Tuesday, February 25, 2020
British Imperialists' Motives in Scramble for Africa Essay
British Imperialists' Motives in Scramble for Africa - Essay Example Nevertheless, imperialism is a many-faceted phenomenon; which had political, economic and social roots. Indeed, Socialist and Marxist critics narrowed its definition down and applied the term to a certain stage of capitalist societies when discussing social and and economic conditions (p.2).Thus, any attempt to give an account on the British imperialism must highlight the underlying political, social and economic motives. As Robinson and Gallagher (1961, pp. 19) stated ââ¬Å"a first task in analysing the late-Victoriansââ¬â¢ share in the partition [of Africa] is to understand the motives of the ministers who directed it, and the study of official thinking is indispensable to thisâ⬠. The aim of this paper is to scrutinize British Imperialists' motives in scramble for Africa in three respects: political, economic and social. The Scramble for Africa begun in the last quarter of the 18th century and lasted until the WWI. While the decline of the Ottoman influence created a power vacuum in the region, the colonial powers of Europe, following the lead of the British imperialists, have begun to fill that void. In Africa and The Victorians, Robinson and Gallagher examined the relationship between the partition of Africa and British decision-making process. According to them, the Victorians' political relations with Africa changed radically after 1882. Lord Salisbury stated that: ââ¬Å"I do not exactly know the cause of this sudden revolution. But there it isâ⬠(Quoted by Robinson and Gallagher, 1961, pp. 17). Late-Victorians were more eager to dominate Africa than their predecessors and the British forces invaded Egypt in 1882. The collapse of weak African governments may also have played role in the partition. In fact, British divide and rule policy was also an important factor in the national unrest and disorder in Africa. However, Robinson and Gallagher focused on the British policy-making as the underlying political factor. In fact, according to them , as also indicated by Schumpeter, ââ¬Å"The possibility of official thinking in itself was a cause of late-Victorian imperialismâ⬠(pp. 21). Indeed, England had a long tradition of imperial rule and the that policy tradition inherited from Pitt and Channing to Palmerston and Clarendon (p.22). They also highlight ed (pp.22-23) policy makers' ignorance of Africa, as the partition was made ââ¬Å"at house partiesâ⬠without any public interest or participation. In fact, the interests, and thus motives, of policy makers were different in each country. In Egypt, it was due to the collapse of the Kedive regime. In east and west Africa, British interests were related to the Egyptian occupation. In Southern Africa, ââ¬Å"imeperial intervention against the Transvaal was designed above all to uphold and restore the imperial influence which economic growth, Africaner nationalism and the Jameson fiasco had overthrownâ⬠(pp. 463). In Rhodesias and Nyasaland, the motives were mer ged with imperial aims in Cape colonial expansion and balance the rise of the Transvaal (pp. 463). However, Robinson and Gallagher stressed that commercial or financial concerns were rather inconsequential in ministers' decision on which territories should be occupied (pp. 463). For Robinson and Gallagher, ministers' private calculations played the most important part in decision-making process and again for different reasons. However, the security concerns seem to have prevailed. In Rhodesia, it was the safety of the routes to the East, in Southern Africa it was the preservation of the colonial rule, while the safety of the routes to India was the prominent imperative (pp. 464). In fact, Robinson and Gallagher (1961, pp. 464) noted that ââ¬Å"
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